Determination of Minimum Reflux Ratio and Reflux Composition on Azeotropic Distillation

Economic Optimization of the Reflux Ratio of Two Components Stage Distillation Columns

Distillation columns are complex processes for modeling and controlling. These columns are significant parts of most chemical industries for separation of components. Control of this process is essential for achieving certain purity for products with a minimum cost. However, nonlinearities, multivariable interaction, non-stationary behavior and severity of disturbances inside the column made th...

Shortcut methods for complex distillation columns : part 1 -- Minimum reflux

Shortcut Methods for Complex Distillation Columns: Part 1 -Minimum Reflux This two-part paper presents in detail the theory for calculating via shortcut methods the minimum reflux conditions and the number of stages and feed tray location for ordinary and thermally coupled columns. Nonadjacent key components are permitted. In this paper, part 1, the approximations made to estimate minimum reflu...

Total Reflux Operation of Multivessel Batch Distillation

I N T R O D U C T I O N Although batch distillation generally is less energy efficient than continuous distillation, it has leceived increased attention in the last few years because of its simplicity of operation, flexibility and lower capital cost. For many years academic research on batch distillation was focused primarily on optimizing the reflux policy. However, in most cases the differenc...

Diagnosis of Vesicoureteric Reflux and Reflux Nephropathy

FIGURE 8-12 International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). The severity of VUR is most frequently classified according to the International Grading System of Vesicoureteral Reflux, using a standardized technique for performance of voiding cystourethrography. The definitions of this system are illustrated in Figure 8-4 and are as follows. In grade I, reflux only int...

Vesico-ureteric reflux and reflux nephropathy.